The officially-sanctioned meaning for lane markings is not in the Transportation Code. Instead, §544.001 requires the state to maintain an official manual of signs, signals, and markings. This manual, the Texas Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (TMUTCD), is the "law" when it comes to all traffic control devices, including lane markings. The meanings of these devices, as defined in the TMUTCD, is enforceable.

Some lane markings seem to confound drivers. For example, many drivers don't realize the difference between white and yellow lines. So, without further ado, here are the definitions of lane markings in Texas:

	YELLOW LINES: Traffic going opposite directions is separated by yellow lines. If you're to the left of a yellow line and you're not intentionally passing somebody, you'd better get over to the right FAST before you see the head ornament of a Mack truck directly in front of you. I see this confusion happen a lot when city folks get off the freeway onto a rural, two-way frontage road. There are various types of yellow lines; see below for the specifics of each.
	SOLID DOUBLE YELLOW LINES: Two yellow lines separated by a small gap indicate that passing (overtaking) is not permitted (in other words, a no passing zone). Even if you think you can see far enough ahead, there may be some other hazard or reason that you can't see that makes it unsafe for you to pass. However, it is legal to turn left across a double yellow line with one exception; see "Turning left over double-yellow lines" below.
	SINGLE SOLID YELLOW LINE: This is used to mark the left edge of the roadway on a divided highway or separate the left shoulder from the through lane. The use of this marking to mark the center of a two-way road is non-standard and has no official meaning.
	SOLID YELLOW LINE ON YOUR SIDE, BROKEN YELLOW LINE ON THE OTHER: You may not pass when there is a solid yellow line on your side. Traffic on the side of the road with the broken (dashed) line is allowed to pass. Two sets of these, with the broken lines facing each other, are used to demarcate two-way center left turn lanes.
	BROKEN YELLOW LINE: A single broken (dashed) yellow line means that passing is permitted in both directions.
	BROKEN DOUBLE YELLOW LINES: This marking is fairly rare and is used to separate reversible lanes (i.e. lanes that can periodically change direction). Pay attention to and obey the lane control signs or signals.
	WHITE LINES: These separate traffic going the same direction. There are several varieties of white lines; see below for the meanings of each.
	DOUBLE WHITE LINES: Parallel white lines separated by a small gap indicate that changing lanes or turning across the lines is prohibited. Doing so may be dangerous or interrupt the smooth flow of traffic. In Texas, you'll most often see these where an exit ramp continues into its own lane on the frontage road (see the "Yielding on frontage roads" section below.)
	SINGLE SOLID WHITE LINE: This is used to channelize traffic and indicates that changing lanes is discouraged, although not specifically prohibited. You can cross it if you have to, but you should avoid it if possible. Even a thick single white line can be crossed if necessary; however, they are really discouraging you from crossing, so you should think twice about it. Note that there is an exception; see "Crossing a single white channelizing line" below. A single white line is also used to mark the right edge of the roadway or separate the right shoulder from the through lane.
	BROKEN WHITE LINE: A broken (dashed) white line separates lanes of traffic traveling in the same direction. You can freely change lanes when it is safe to do so.
	SHORT BROKEN WHITE LINE: A short broken (dotted) white line marks a lane that will soon become an exit or turn-only lane. Short broken lines are also used to mark lanes through an intersection (sometimes called "puppy tracks").

As a footnote, engineers call this area the "theoretical gore". The "gore" is that triangular area of grass or concrete island that comes to a point where the pavement merges or diverges. The "theoretical gore" is the area of pavement that would be grass or concrete island if the gore were extended to its maximum extent.

You may not drive in the neutral area

Of course, as always, there is an exception to the above rule: if there are two sets of double-yellow lines, you may not cross over at all, including for left turns. These areas are defined as "flush median islands" in the TMUTCD. As such, they have the same purpose and function as a physical traffic island and are legally enforceable as a "dividing space" for the purposes of §545.063(b) (see the "Crossing medians" section below.) These areas often also have diagonal hash markings to help emphasize that they're off-limits.

You may not drive on or across a flush median island

Lots of folks have questions as to just what a yellow light really means. By law, a yellow light is simply a warning that the light is about to change to red. Technically, since no conflicting traffic can have a green while you have a yellow, you still have the right-of-way — it's really just an extension of the green but letting you know that the green is ending. Therefore, you are still allowed to cross the stop line or crosswalk when the light is yellow, and as long as you have done so before the light turns red, you have not violated the law.

Now, does this mean you should race to beat the red — no, of course not. If the light is yellow and you have not passed the "point of no return" and can safely stop, you should do so. Note, however, that I said "safely" stop. If the road is wet and you don't reasonably think you could stop without sliding into the intersection or perhaps having the guy behind you slide into you, then keep going (carefully, of course) — your duty to prevent a crash is foremost.

This signal does NOT mean stop!

Inexplicably, I am seeing more and more people actually stop when they come upon a one of these. This is unnecessary and a bit dangerous because the person behind you may not be expecting you to stop. It would be the same as stopping at a green light. You only need to stop if it is a flashing red signal; in those cases, treat the signal like you would a stop sign. Otherwise, just proceed through with a bit of extra caution since a driver on the intersecting street might think you have a flashing red and suddenly pull out into the intersection expecting you to stop.

Most traffic signals will default to a flash mode as a fail-safe measure if there has been a malfunction or power outage and the signal did not properly reset. Some signals also go into flash mode during overnight hours, and brand new signals are typically run in flash mode for a few days before being fully activated (this is done to burn in the electronics as well as to give regular commuters notice that the signal will be activated soon). In some cases, the signals will flash red for all directions, but in many cases, the main road will get a flashing yellow while the minor road will get a flashing red.

This signal DOES mean stop!

Common sense also dictates that if the signals are otherwise obviously malfunctioning (e.g. two colors on at the same time, stuck on solid yellow, etc.), treat the intersection as a four-way stop as well.

Note that this statute does not apply to signals on freeway entrance ramps (metering or "flow" signals) as well the new "HAWK" pedestrian crossing signals that are dark until activated.

This also doesn't apply to signals that are covered (usually in a black bag) or turned sideways or upward to clearly indicate they're not in service. In those cases, treat the intersection like you would if there were no signals at all. (In nearly all cases, there should be other right-of-way control, i.e. signs.)

Below are three common questions related to legal turns on red. But first, it's important to note that you are required to make a full stop before making a turn on red.

A left turn on red is allowed when the street you are on is one-way and the street you are turning onto is also one-way (to the left, of course). It makes sense if you think about it — it's just a mirror image of a right on red.

There are a handful of states that allow a left on red from a two-way to one-way street, but Texas does not. Unless both streets are one-way, you cannot make a left on red.

Some folks will assert that you can make a left on red if there are no signs such as "LEFT TURN SIGNAL" or "LEFT ON GREEN ARROW". However, those signs are purely informational, and as long as a signal is obviously intended to regulate traffic turning left — which a red left arrow or a red circular signal to the left of green signals for through traffic would be — then drivers are required to obey it regardless of the absence of any signs.

However, state law (§544.007 above) does not differentiate between a circular red and a red arrow — it simply states that a driver facing a "steady red signal" must stop and yield, then can turn right. A steady red arrow qualifies as a "steady red signal" in this case, so per the statute, a right turn on red is allowed at such a signal.

With this disparity between the two, the statute should trump the TMUTCD, meaning a right-on-red is permitted when there is a red right arrow (unless, of course, a sign is posted otherwise prohibiting it). Note, however, that the law in many other states does indeed prohibit a right turn on red when there is a red arrow.

The issue of waiting in an intersection is a little tricky. The law specifically prohibits stopping in an intersection. However, subsection (f) of the statute makes an important exception. Therefore, the following sections cover the two conflicting issues regarding when to wait in an intersection. Confoundingly, many people do exactly the opposite of these.

But how is that the case when §545.302(a)(3) specifically prohibits stopping in an intersection? In this case, subsection (f) makes an exception "if the avoidance of conflict with other traffic is necessary". If you were to turn left in front of oncoming traffic, that would be conflicting with that traffic. Therefore, stopping so as to not conflict with oncoming traffic fulfills subsection (f), which then exempts you from the (a)(3) prohibition on stopping in an intersection.

But wait a minute... If you're still in the intersection when the light turns red, what do you do? The answer is wait for oncoming traffic to stop, then complete your turn. But wouldn't that then be considered running a red light? No, because you lawfully entered the intersection while the signal was green and other traffic must by law allow you to clear the intersection before they can go (§544.007 (b)).

So why would you want to do this? Because it reduces your wait time, reduces pollution, and helps reduce congestion. For every car that makes it through the intersection each cycle, that's one less car idling in line. The more people that do this, the more the benefit compounds. At larger intersections, multiple cars could turn when the light turns red, making the line that much shorter during the next cycle.

Waiting in the intersection — also sometimes known as "controlling the intersection" — also puts you in a better position to make a quick turn when traffic permits, enabling you to take advantage of smaller gaps. And at intersections without protected left arrows on busy streets, you often have to do this if you ever want to turn.

With that said, there are some important caveats:

• First of all, don't do this if the street you want to turn onto is congested and backed-up to the intersection or nearly so (see "But don't block intersections" below.)


• Secondly, if you're still in the intersection when your light turns red, make sure that the oncoming traffic is stopping before you actually turn — sometimes someone will be trying to beat the red.


• Finally, sometimes oncoming traffic will still have a green even when your direction has a red. In these cases, there is supposed to be a sign that reads "ONCOMING TRAFFIC HAS EXTENDED GREEN", but I honestly have never seen one. If there is such a sign, you should wait behind the stop line. Fortunately, this doesn't happen with a flashing yellow arrow, which was developed specifically to eliminate this hazardous situation.

One final tip: always stop with your wheels pointed straight ahead. That way, if you're rear-ended, you won't be propelled into oncoming traffic.

Where to wait to turn left

So why doesn't the exception provided by subtitle (f) apply? In this case, you're not stopping to avoid conflicting with other traffic, you're stopping due to congestion, which is different. It's basically a matter of common sense and good faith in keeping with the spirit of the law. With the left-turn rule above, assuming there is nothing obstructing the street you want to turn onto, you will be able to vacate the intersection before or immediately after your light turns red and therefore won't be blocking the intersection for cross-traffic. With congestion, your egress is blocked by stopped traffic, which would prevent you from being able to exit the intersection immediately when the light turns red and thus will leave you blocking the intersection for other traffic.

By the way, this rule can also nullify the waiting-to-turn-left rule above: if you have a green light, flashing yellow arrow, or even a green arrow, but the street you want to turn onto is backed-up to the intersection, wait behind the stop line or crosswalk until there's room for you on the other street and oncoming traffic has cleared, then turn.

New York City had such a problem with blocked intersections that they started a public education program called "Don't Block the Box!", and several Texas cities have now adopted it as well. Obstructing intersections in this manner causes traffic on the intersecting street to also become congested. This leads to the phenomenon known as "gridlock" where several blocks of traffic in all directions are "locked" because of obstructed intersections.

Many signalized intersections feature a dedicated right-turn lane with a yield sign that is separated from the main intersection by a triangular "pork chop" island. And, many such intersections have a flashing yellow arrow signal (or a non-protected green signal) that indicates that left turning traffic must yield. (See diagram above.) Right turns typically have the right-of-way over left turns, so some people believe that's the case at these intersections as well.

However, it is not.

In this situation, the island creates a channelized lane, which is considered to be a separate roadway. Because it is a separate roadway, the intersection of it with the cross street is a separate intersection from the main signalized intersection; this is why it has a yield sign. As a result, traffic making that right turn must yield to anyone coming from the left (green arrows in the diagram below) regardless of how they arrived there. The left-turning traffic with the flashing yellow arrow in this case is therefore only required to yield to oncoming traffic that is headed straight through the intersection.

Separate intersections created by channelized right-turn lane

Right-turning traffic (red arrow) must yield to any traffic approaching from the left (green arrows.)

If the right-turn lane is not channelized (i.e. is not separated from the intersection by an island), then left-turning traffic with a flashing yellow arrow would have to yield to oncoming right-turning traffic. In that case, there won't be a yield sign for the right-turn lane. (See diagram below.) This would also apply if there is no dedicated right-turn lane.

As a footnote, the "pork chop" island can either be a physical island (concrete, grass, etc.), or it can just be marked with paint.

Intersection with non-channelized right-turn lane

In this case, left-turning traffic (red arrow) must yield to oncoming right-turning traffic (green arrow.)

I'm not sure where this misunderstanding started, but I have gotten several inquiries about the legality of changing lanes in an intersection. In Texas, and in every other state that I could find, it is perfectly legal to change lanes in an intersection, so long as it can be done safely (which is always the requirement when changing lanes). And think about it: If it were illegal to change lanes in an intersection, it would be very difficult to ever change lanes along most major streets since there is an intersection every few hundred feet!

Several people have written me asserting that §545.056 does in fact prohibit changing lanes in an intersection. However, they are incorrectly interpreting the statute. Here is the text of that statute:

Notice that the statute specifically says "an operator may not drive to the left side of the roadway". This is different than the changing lanes discussed above. "Changing lanes" is when there are two or more lanes for the direction you are traveling (i.e. they're marked with a white dashed line) and you wish to change between those lanes. "Driving to the left side of the roadway" means to drive cross the yellow line down the middle of the roadway and into oncoming traffic (i.e. to overtake someone on a road with one lane in each direction). As you can see by the statute, doing this is illegal within 100 feet of the approach of an intersection. My guess is many people misconstrue or misremember this rule to mean that you can't change lanes at an intersection. However, the two are completely separate things; there is no restriction on changing lanes other than you can only do so if it can be done safely (§545.060(a)(2)).

Sometimes, there are solid white lines between the through lanes on the approach to an intersection. As discussed in the "Lane markings" section above, a solid white line discourages lane changes, but does not prohibit them.

But what if there is a median between oncoming traffic? Wouldn't the "left side of the roadway" then be the left lane going in the same direction, and therefore this statute would apply? No, because then the road on each side of the median is considered a one-way roadway, and thus exempted by subsection (b)(1).

That said, you should avoid changing lanes while approaching an intersection, especially if you see someone waiting on the intersecting street. That person may decide to make a turn onto your roadway based on which lane you're in. For instance, if you're in the left lane, someone may use that as an opportunity to turn into the right lane. If you suddenly change into the right lane after they've committed themselves to making that turn, then you're creating a dangerous situation for both yourself and the other driver and may very well cause a crash.

This is a short one, but still important: Even if you have a green light, you should always look both ways before you cross any intersection. You don't know... there could be somebody running the red or maybe an emergency vehicle approaching. So always look both ways before you cross any intersection, even if you have (or think you have) the right-of-way.

It's been widely reported by numerous school districts and police agencies that many drivers either have no clue about the requirement to stop for school buses, are simply not paying attention, or frankly are in too big of a hurry to stop. (I hope it's not that last one, although nowadays, I realize that's probably often the case.)

The law is simple: if you are approaching a school bus that has stopped and its red lights are flashing, you must stop. Most school buses also have one or more stop signs on the driver's side that swing out to remind you of your duty to stop. Traffic heading in both directions is required to stop (with one big exception discussed below), and the requirement to stop applies in both urban as well as rural areas.

Once you have stopped, you are required to remain stopped until the lights stop flashing, the bus has started moving again, or the driver waves you to move on.

Note that in Texas traffic code, the term "highway" is defined to mean any public roadway, including city streets (§541.302).

Note that the law specifically indicates that a left-turn lane does NOT count as a divider — this means that even on a street that is three lanes in each direction, if it has a center left-turn lane, traffic in all seven lanes must stop for a school bus. The reason for the difference is that a median or island provides a safe place for pedestrians to wait for a break in traffic while a left-turn lane doesn't.

Some people will argue that, even if there is a median, they should stop anyway because kids may dart across the road. While this seems like a common-sense "better safe than sorry" approach, there are actually a few problems with it that make it dangerous:

• Other drivers are not expecting you to stop, so doing so puts you at risk of causing a rear-end collision.
• It is very rare that a school bus will drop off children who would need to cross a divided roadway. Instead, the bus will usually make a separate stop for them on the other side of the road.
• If, by chance, a child were to cross to the median and you were to stop to allow them to cross, you could actually put them at greater risk of being hit. If you are in the left lane when you stop, the child will begin crossing in front of you and may think it is safe to continue across without checking the next lane. They may even decide to run. Another driver may be passing you on the right and they may not see each other in time to stop because your vehicle obstructs their vision.

So, even though you might think you are being safer by stopping, in this situation, you're actually not. Instead, you should reduce your speed and be prepared to stop if a child does happen to dart onto your side of the road.

The green strip in the top image is a grassy median, but could also be a concrete median or barrier.

There is also an exception for when a bus is stopped in a loading zone on a controlled-access highway (a fancy term for a freeway), but that's an "old school" artifact (see what I did there? 😏) as these no longer exist — at least, nowhere that I'm aware of.

Given all of that, it appears the law does not require you to stop in this situation. That said, if the bus is at or in close proximity to the intersection, and you're not on a major thoroughfare (where stopping unexpectedly poses a hazard), it's probably a good idea to stop, if not for legal reasons, then certainly for safety — especially if there are kids who look like they might want to cross your street. If you do chose to proceed, do so with extreme care.

Now, if you're approaching a school bus stopped across an intersection from you on the same street and you wish to turn before reaching the bus, that's even less clear. In that case, it's probably best to stop.

As a footnote, I've seen some school bus drivers who will stop their bus in the intersection to make this all a moot point, and some stops are located mid-block to avoid any such issues.

You only have to stop when these lights are flashing

It should also be noted that sometimes when discharging or boarding passengers, the driver may determine that there is not a need to stop traffic — for example, when stopped in a loading area in front of a building — and they will only activate the bus' hazard flashers. Again, in this case, you are not required to stop; however, you should proceed with extreme caution.

(Image source: Clipart Library)

The purpose of the first statute quoted above is obviously to give emergency vehicles a clear path, and the reason they need that right-of-way is also obvious. Think of it like this: if you or a loved-one needed help and called 911, wouldn't you want everyone to make way for those first responders?

As the law says, you are required to pull-over to the right-hand side of the road and stop. This law applies no matter which direction you are traveling relative to the emergency vehicle. Also, needless to say, give emergency vehicles the right-of-way at all intersections, even if they would normally have to yield to you (see "Look before crossing intersections" above.)

The second law requires drivers who are approaching an emergency vehicle stopped on the road with their emergency lights flashing to do one of two things: move out of the lane nearest the emergency vehicle, or slow down to 20 mph below the posted speed limit (down to a minimum of 5 mph). In other words, if you're going down the freeway in the right lane and there's an emergency vehicle parked on the right shoulder ahead, you should immediately move into the next lane to the left. If you can't, or if you're on a road where there is no lane to move over to, then you must slow down to 20 mph below the posted limit. The purpose of this law is to give emergency workers a safe area to work in when they're on or near the road.

The "move over" law was updated in 2013 to include tow trucks and TxDOT vehicles, and again in 2019 to include utility and garbage trucks.

(Modified image from Gordons Corner Fire Company)

You'd think most people would have enough common sense to know not to park in front of a fire hydrant, but I see it done all the time. I think many people just aren't paying attention.

Obviously, in case of a fire, the fire department needs to be able to find and access hydrants quickly. If you're parked in front of one they need, it obstructs them and delays their response. Would you want someone blocking the fire hydrant nearest your home if it were on fire?

There's a scene in the movie Backdraft where the firefighters break the windows of a car parked in front of a hydrant and run the hose through the car — apparently, from the photo below, it happens in real life as well.

Don't let this be you!

(Photo source: South Oldham Fire Department)

The terms "no parking", "no standing", and "no stopping" are not well-understood and often conflated.

No stopping is the most restrictive — you cannot stop there even briefly for any reason except if you have to because traffic has stopped, you need to stop to avoid hitting a pedestrian or another vehicle, or a police officer directs you to stop.

As for no parking and no standing, the difference basically boils-down to whether or not you're loading or unloading people or stuff. If you stop for a passenger to get in or out, that's standing. If you stop to load or unload cargo, that's parking.

To help summarize the differences, I've created this handy-dandy reference table that shows what's allowed and not allowed in each situation:

Loading/unloading passengers
Loading/unloading cargo

To summarize, if there's a "no parking" sign, you can only stop briefly to load or unload passengers or cargo.

If there's a "no standing" sign, you can only stop briefly for passengers to get in or out, but you cannot load or unload cargo.

If there's a "no stopping" sign, then you can't stop at all (other than as discussed above).

Here's another summarization: "no stopping" also means no standing and no parking, and "no standing" also means no parking.

It's a common belief that "standing" means the vehicle is parked but occupied, while "parking" means the vehicle is not occupied. However, this is not the case — all of the definitions above apply whether the vehicle is occupied or not. So, if you're not actively loading or unloading passengers or cargo, you can't wait in a no parking zone even if you're in the vehicle with the engine running.

When loading or unloading, it should be brief and continuous. If you're not actively loading or unloading, it's time to move on.

When there is free timed parking on a street, it applies to the entire block on the same side, so beware of this if you want to leave and come back later. For example, let's say you park on a street with two hour parking at 8:00 am and then leave at 9:00 am. At 8:30 am, a parking officer noted your vehicle plate and time. Then, you return at 11:00 am and park on the same side of the street in the same block but in a different space. In this scenario, you could actually be cited for overtime parking even though you left and came back and you're in a different space. The reason is because when parking officers time vehicles by recording license plates, they record the block and side of the street as the location; they don't record specific spaces. When they come back later to see who is still there, they have no way of knowing that you left and came back during the interim because you're in the same block and side of the street where they recorded you earlier. So in this case, they recorded your vehicle at 8:30 am, and when they came back at 11:15 am, your car was still parked on that same side of that same block, so it appears you were there from 8:30 am until 11:15 am, 45 minutes more than the two hours allowed. It's obviously not a perfect system, but that's how it works.

The upshot — if you leave and return within a few hours, park on the other side of the street or in a different block. (Note that this applies when time is tracked on hand-held devices using license plate numbers; it doesn't apply if they use the old-fashioned method of putting a chalk mark on your tires.)

In many places, individual parking meters have been replaced by parking kiosks located either in the middle or ends of the block, so be sure to check for this when parking, especially in a business district. If the kiosk generates a receipt, it must be placed on your dashboard with the time visible. Some systems allow you to pay by mobile phone; for these, you'll enter your license plate so the officers know who has paid.

If a parking meter is defective, you can park for free up to the maximum time shown on the meter. If there is a handwritten note or other obviously non-official indication that the meter is broken, be sure to confirm it for yourself. Ultimately, you'll be responsible for proving the meter was broken.

When parking at a single-space parking meter, you should park with your front bumper at the meter and pay that meter unless there are markings that indicate otherwise.

Sometimes, areas with meters will also have a no parking restriction during certain times such as during rush hours or for street cleaning. Most of the time, this will be indicated on the meter, but not always, so be sure to also look for signs — a "no parking" sign overrides a meter, even if you feed it.

There are many parking restrictions that don't have to have signs because you're supposed to know them if you have a driver's license. Here are the most common ones people seem to forget:

• No parking or standing in front of a fire hydrant (see "Parking in front of fire hydrants" section above)
• No parking or standing within 30 feet on the approach to a stop or yield sign or traffic signal
• No parking or standing within 20 feet of a crosswalk (marked or unmarked) at an intersection

When parallel parking on a street, it is illegal to park facing oncoming traffic. Lots of folks do it, though, especially in residential neighborhoods. But it's illegal because it's generally unsafe for several reasons.

First of all, to park facing traffic requires one to drive on the wrong side of the street, which is illegal unless overtaking another vehicle or passing an obstruction. And in doing so, pedestrians, cyclists, children, or other motorists are not expecting you to be coming from that direction on that side of the street and may enter the street without looking for you.

Secondly, all cars have reflectors on the rear, but the front of most cars do not have reflectors, so when parking at night, a vehicle facing the wrong way is less visible, especially in low-visibility conditions.

Also, when leaving a parking space faced the wrong way, you have to clear traffic from both directions, a more complicated task, especially from a parallel position.

Finally, when you are parked the wrong way and another vehicle parks in front of you — especially one that is larger — your view of traffic will be obstructed since you will be seated at the curb side instead of on the traffic side. Therefore, you will not be able to see oncoming traffic until your vehicle is most of the way into the traffic lane, thus creating a hazardous condition.

Note that when parked the wrong way, you have a much more restricted view of approaching vehicles on your side of the street as highlighted by the yellow car, thus making it far more dangerous when trying to pull-out.

But, you say, you park where someone won't park in front of you. Yes, then in that case, this specific reason wouldn't apply. However, the law does not provide that exception, and for good reason, Sure, maybe there's not a place to legally park in front of you. But what if a car broke down there? Or someone parked illegally there? Not to mention that some of the other safety reasons mentioned above still apply. So take the extra 30 seconds to turn around and park facing the right way.

Many people who park someplace they shouldn't in order to briefly run inside will switch on their hazard lights (flashers) to indicate that they're parking for "just a minute" and that they'll be right back. Some even believe this legalizes what they're doing.

It doesn't.

If the sign says "no parking", then that means no parking. It doesn't mean "no parking except for a minute or two" while you run into the store, restaurant, etc. If that's what they meant, then the sign would say that. Switching on your hazards doesn't magically exempt you. In fact, most parking enforcement officers say that a car with its flashers on is a beacon to them that the car is parked illegally and tells them that the driver knew they weren't supposed to park there.

This tells parking enforcement officers, "come give me a ticket!"

(Modified image from The News Wheel)

First, let's talk about the law in this situation. The law requires you to use all your lights (including headlights) at nighttime, which is defined as being one half hour after sunset to one half hour before sunrise, as well as any time when you cannot see clearly for 1,000 feet, which essentially covers all inclement weather as well as dusk and dawn. Therefore, you should never be driving with just your parking lights on because if you're in a situation where you need to have any lights on at all, then you must use all your lights, which includes your headlights.

Some people will say that they don't want to use their headlights during bad weather or at dusk because there's enough ambient light for them to see and their headlights won't be illuminating anything. However, headlights are not only for lighting-up the road ahead for you to see, but they also make you more visible to other drivers. Headlights are visible at a greater distance than parking lights alone. This is why motorcycles and emergency vehicles always use their headlights, and is also the rationale behind daytime running lamps (see the subtopic below for more discussion on DRLs.) So whenever visibility is reduced, you should use your headlights, if not to help you see but to help others see you.

Others may argue that using their headlights puts a strain on their electrical system or battery. This is simply not true. Your vehicle's electrical system is designed to operate all of the vehicle's electrical devices, including the headlights. Your battery is only used to start your car and to power electrical devices in the car when the engine is not running. When your engine is running, the alternator, which is cranked by the engine, is providing power to your vehicle as well as recharging your battery. If using your headlights does indeed cause electrical problems for your car, then your car is unsafe and needs repair.

So what are parking lights for then? Their purpose is to give your car visibility while parked on a dark road but not in a situation where you would need to use your hazard flashers. Most people don't use them, so some manufacturers have eliminated them.

Daytime running lamps are essentially the opposite of parking lights — they're the headlights illuminated with the front, rear, and side marker lights off and are generally automatically-controlled. Some vehicles use a completely separate set of lamps instead of the main headlights for the DRLs. Wikipedia has a good write-up on the differences.

Parking lights

It might seem logical that if you are in a turn-only lane, you don't need to signal your turn. As you can see above, however, the law is quite straightforward — you must use a turn signal any time you want to turn or change lanes. There is no exception for turn-only lanes. The reason is simple: while it may be obvious to you and to the guy behind you that you are in a turn-only lane, it may not be evident to motorists or pedestrians across the intersection or on the intersecting road. Using your turn-signal clearly indicates to everyone who may need to know that you are are going to turn.

Some states waive the requirement to use turn signals if no other vehicles are in the vicinity, but Texas has no such exception. You don't know what you don't know, so you should always signal in case there's someone nearby you don't see.

Imagine you are on a street approaching an intersection with lanes marked like the right hand illustration above. Recently, I have seen an increasing number of people turn from the two center lanes.

BUZZ!

Unless there are signs and/or lane markings indicating otherwise, the law only allows you to turn left from the far left lane or to turn right from the far right lane. When there are dedicated turn lanes like those in the right hand example above, those lanes fulfill those roles. So, for example, if you wanted to turn right from the right hand through lane (i.e. the lane immediately to the left of the right-only lane), you would only be permitted to do so if it was marked as shown in the illustration at the right below.

Okay, now that we know which lane to turn from, we need to know which lanes we can legally turn into. In Texas, when turning right, you are required to turn both from the right lane (as discussed above) and into the right lane unless there is an obvious safety reason not to (e.g. you're driving a long vehicle, or there is a pedestrian or debris in the road) or, of course, if there are signs are markings indicating otherwise (such as a double turn lane).

When turning left, however, you are permitted to turn into any lane designated for traffic headed in that direction, and it is recommended that you pick the lane that interferes least with other traffic. That said, good driving habits dictate that you turn into the lane nearest you so as to be predicable. So, if you're turning left, you should turn into the left lane if possible. And, if you're turning left from a one-way street onto another one-way street, you are required to turn into the left lane (i.e. the mirror image of a right turn).

As you can see above, the law for the use of center two-way left-turn lanes is pretty much non-existent. The statute above is the only one that pertains to center lanes, and other than allowing its use for left turns, it doesn't give any restrictions on how it can used for that purpose.

Before we move on, now would be a good time to point-out that while section (b)(1) above says you can use a center lane for passing, keep in mind that center lanes marked as left-turn lanes cannot be used for passing as the traffic signs and pavement markings take precedence. Section (b)(1) really is an artifact from days long ago where so-called "suicide lanes" were used on rural roads to allow passing in either direction; fortunately, those lanes are pretty much all gone now and have been replaced by dedicated passing lanes for one direction or the other. Section (b)(3) then applies in that case or also in the case of reversible lanes.

So with that said, there are many questions that arise that are not directly answered by the statute or TMUTCD. Probably the top one is, how far before turning can you legally enter this lane? Again, there is no defined statutory limit. Furthermore, each situation is different and can vary depending on the speed of the vehicle, weather and traffic conditions, the presence of an oncoming vehicle in the lane, etc. Drivers must use their best judgment and not enter the lane too early or they may be perceived as using it as a through or passing lane. Police officers also have to use their judgment in enforcement, and this difference in what may be considered "too far" often results in a citation. The general guidance is to not enter the lane until just before you need to slow down to either stop or complete your turn. This will vary depending on your speed and the presence of other vehicles int the TWLTL.

Another common question is whether you may use a TWLTL that feeds into a regular left-turn lane at an intersection in order to pass traffic stopped in the through lanes if you want to turn at the intersection. Again, the law does not address this maneuver. If you use it to pass the stopped traffic for a relatively short distance, then you're not likely to get cited. But if you're passing a long line of vehicles, passing no vehicles, or passing vehicles that aren't stopped, then you could get cited, especially if you're whizzing by at a high rate of speed or your action interferes with someone wanting to make an opposing left turn. The upshot: I would avoid doing it for more than a couple hundred feet or so.

Finally, one other common question is whether you can use the TWLTL to wait or merge when turning onto the main road from a side street or driveway. Once again, the law and TMUTCD gives us no guidance on this. However, the Federal Highway Administration's Read Your Road guide, which humorously calls the TWLTL a "special place", states that, when turning from a side street or driveway onto the main road, you may use this lane as "a safe mid-point to wait for a gap in traffic approaching from the right before completing your turn." However, it is important to note that Texas law makes no provision for this action, nor does it specifically prohibit it for that matter. But, since the signage and markings indicate it is a left-turn lane from the main road, any other use would not conform to that, and I have had reports that drivers have been cited for doing this and a judge has subsequently upheld the violation. Therefore, I would recommend avoiding this maneuver unless absolutely necessary, and if you do, do not under any circumstances use the center turn lane as an acceleration lane! Instead, wait until there is an opening in the traffic, then move immediately from the center lane into the through lane.

One final note: Be aware that some other states, as well as some municipalities in Texas, have laws that more specifically regulate the use of TWLTLs. For instance, the City of Cleburne specifically states a TWLTL can only be used by drivers when preparing to turn from said lane, and you're not allowed to drive in a TWLTL for more than 200 feet.

While at one point roundabouts were novel, most drivers nowadays are familiar with them as their use grows around the state. Still, it seems many drivers are intimidated by them or otherwise still don't quite understand the rules for using them. So here are some tips for navigating a roundabout.

You do not need to signal when entering a roundabout and should not do so unless you will be taking the first exit out of the roundabout. Otherwise, a driver approaching from the right may think you are signaling to leave the roundabout and could enter without stopping, thus possibly causing a collision.

If you miss your exit, just go around again.

Roundabout tips

A: This driver is yielding properly. If they enter now, they could cause a collision.
B: This driver should continue moving and not stop to let driver A enter the roundabout.
C: This driver is entering properly as there is nobody nearby to yield to.
D: This driver is also entering properly as there is nobody nearby to yield to.
E: This driver is stopping unnecessarily because they incorrectly believe they have to stop if a vehicle is anywhere in the roundabout or even just getting ready to enter it.
F: This driver is pretty annoyed with the driver of vehicle E and nearly rear-ended them because driver E stopped unexpectedly and unnecessarily.

Boy, this seems to be a never-ending hot topic of debate, especially in the Houston area for some reason: What is the proper way to turn left across a median? Specifically, do you keep to the near side when turning, or do you continue over to the far side before turning?

The answer? You probably won't like it: It depends! More specifically, it depends on the width of the median.

In Texas, if the median is 30 feet or more wide (nominally), then the junctions on each side of the median are legally considered to be separate intersections (§541.303; see statute below.) This then means that the crossover through the median is considered to be a tiny little road all by itself. Even though it's short, you still have to treat it as if it were any other road; that is, you must drive on the right side of it, just like you would do turning onto any other road. These are considered to be "wide medians."

How to turn left when a median is 30 feet wide or wider ("wide median")

Note the yield signs and markings in the crossover.

If the median is less than 30 feet wide, then the whole thing is considered one big intersection, so you would make a "regular" left turn just as you would if there was no median; that is, pass opposing left-turning traffic on your passenger side. These are considered to be "narrow medians."

How to turn left when a median is less than 30 feet wide ("narrow median")

Note the lack of signs and markings in the crossover.

So how do you tell how wide a median is? Obviously, nobody expects you to get out and measure it. So to help, there are clues:

• If a median is 30 feet wide or more, there will usually be yield or stop signs in the median, a set of double-yellow lines, and stop or yield lines; these are your cues to treat it as a wide median (top example above.)


• If there are no stop or yield signs or lane markings in the median, then that is generally your cue to treat it like a narrow median (bottom example above.) In these cases, there is often (but not always) a "keep right" sign on the median nose.

Signalized intersections should usually be treated as a narrow median regardless of width.

As a footnote, the width of the median is determined by the distance between the inner yellow line on each side, not the physical median itself. So this would include the inside shoulder if there is one.

If other drivers are already in the median and are "doing it wrong", they will likely make it difficult or impossible for you to "do it right"; in that case, it might be safer to wait for them to complete their turn before you move into the median, after which other drivers will hopefully follow your lead.

There are also a few places where medians are signed as if they were wider than 30 feet when, in fact, they're not. In those cases, you should still follow the signs and markings and treat it as a wide median.

By the way, the same rules above apply if you're making a U‑turn.

"Sharks teeth" yield lines in median

These do NOT indicate which way you're supposed to drive in the median.

Some drivers have interpreted these to be arrows indicating which direction they should drive. However, these are not arrows; they are what are known as "shark's teeth" and they form a yield line reminding drivers crossing the median to yield. Their triangular shape is meant to depict a yield sign, which usually is also present.

Yield line

Snippet from the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices confirming that these triangular markings form a yield line. Note the indicated direction of travel.

This is a good example of a confusingly-worded statute, so here it is paraphrased: On a divided highway where the roadways are 30 feet apart, each junction on each side where it intersects another roadway are considered separate intersections. If two divided highways cross each other and both of them have roadways 30 feet apart, then all the places where they cross are separate intersections.

Finally, if you need an "official" interpretation that confirms what I've stated above (seriously, you still don't believe me?), see the "Divided Highway Intersections and Crossovers" section of TxDOT's Sign Crew Field Book.

It is illegal to drive across any median. This includes the median between the freeway and the frontage road— yes, even when there's a traffic jam on the freeway. If you want to get onto the frontage road, get off at the next exit. Crossing medians is rife with hazards to you, your car, the road and grass, and other drivers, and many times you won't gain much if any advantage doing so anyway.

Also be sure to see the section about "flush median islands" in the lane markings section above.

Similar to driving across the median, it is also illegal to cross private property for the purpose of turning left or right from one road to another. In other words, it's illegal to cut-through that gas station or drug store on the corner so you don't have to stop at the stop sign or red light or to avoid the line of cars waiting at the intersection.

This law is pretty straightforward as written: if you're on the frontage road (a.k.a. access road, feeder road, service road, or gateway) of a freeway or expressway, then you must yield to traffic exiting the freeway or expressway and coming onto the frontage road. That said, there are some nuances that will be discussed below.

Note that yielding may or may not mean stopping (see "Yield vs. stop" below.)

On all frontage roads, you must yield to traffic leaving the freeway as they are entering the frontage road. In areas with two-way frontage roads, you must also yield to (oncoming) traffic that is entering or about to turn onto an entrance ramp. In those areas, drivers who are not getting on the freeway will often use their right turn signal as a friendly gesture so that oncoming traffic will know they don't have to slow down or stop for them (see diagram below.) If you see this, though, be extra careful as the person may have left their turn signal on from a previous turn and actually wants to enter the freeway. Also, keep an eye out for traffic behind them who may want to enter the freeway.

So a question that may come to mind is, how far after someone exits the freeway am I required to yield to them? On a two-way frontage road, the location of the intersection(s) is generally quite obvious, and so the yield applies there. On a one-way frontage road, however, the angle of the ramp makes it a little more difficult to delineate when traffic is no longer "entering" the frontage road. One way of looking at it is that the yield requirement covers the intersection of the two roadways, which is defined in §541.202 as "the place where vehicles could collide if traveling on roadways of intersecting highways that join at any angle other than an approximate right angle." The diagram below illustrates this.

Potential collision points at intersection of one-way frontage road and exit ramp

The potential collision points indicate the location of the intersection of the ramp and frontage road as defined by law and, thus, the extent of where frontage road traffic is required to yield to exiting traffic.

But perhaps an easier interpretation is that once a driver exiting the freeway turns into a lane on the frontage road, they then become established in that lane and are thus no longer entering the frontage road, so the requirement to yield to them ends at that point. Moving from that lane then becomes an ordinary lane change and is instead subject to the laws that govern lane changes.

Another question is, can traffic exiting the freeway shoot across the frontage road and immediately turn into a driveway? As long as there isn't a double white line (more on that below), then yes, it is technically legal, although strongly discouraged due to the myriad of hazards it causes.

One-way frontage road with double-white line creating added lane for exiting traffic

Since exiting traffic is required to use the added lane, through-traffic on the frontage road is not required to yield.

Some people write me to ask for the statute where this exception is granted — well, as I mentioned above, this is an unwritten exception. Instead, the "exception" in this case is the logical outcome of the combination of the added lane, double white lines, and the resultant traffic flow. The double white line means that exiting traffic cannot legally conflict with traffic already on the frontage road at the point where the ramp and frontage road intersect. Instead, the double white line shunts that exiting traffic past the point where they would conflict with traffic already on the frontage road. As a result, there is no intersecting traffic that would require right-of-way control like there is at locations that don't use this configuration, and thus the statute above no longer applies.

Note that there must be a double white line for the exception above to apply. If the exiting traffic has its own lane, but that lane is separated from the others by a single solid white line or a broken white line, then the yield law still applies. This is because in that situation, the exiting traffic is not required to enter the added lane and could immediately cross into any of the other frontage road lanes (see diagram below.) These potential conflicts have resulted in this configuration being deprecated by TxDOT. See the lane markings section above for clarification on why someone can cross a single solid white line.

Yield required on frontage road when exiting traffic has its own lane NOT separated by a double-white line

Since there is an added lane for exiting traffic, there often won't actually be a yield sign like is shown here; however, you are still required to yield in this situation since vehicles can still legally make the maneuver shown above and could therefore collide with through traffic on the frontage road.

It's worth noting that if you're already on the frontage road and move left across the double white lines into the exit lane and interfere with traffic exiting the freeway, you could be cited for violating the statute above in addition to the violation for crossing the double white lines. And, if you're exiting and cross the double white lines, that violation would put you at fault for any resulting collision.

Finally, you may happen upon a location with a yield sign and double white lines. In these situations, the yield sign is usually an artifact from a previous configuration before the double white line was added and, due to an oversight, the yield sign was not removed.

There's a reason for having two different signs. "Stop" means that you must come to a complete stop, period. "Yield", however, doesn't always mean that you have to stop. Instead, a yield sign means that you must give the right-of-way to other traffic by slowing or stopping as necessary. You can often satisfy the requirement to yield by slowing down enough to let the other guy get through the intersection without any angst. But if you can clearly see nobody is coming, then you can proceed through without slowing excessively or stopping. So, if you're approaching a yield sign, start looking early and, if the way is clear, just keep going.

That said, you are indeed required to stop at a yield sign if it is necessary to provide a clear path for the other driver.

(Image source: toonpool.com - Signs by mfarmand)

A lot of people might be surprised, but there is no specific state law in Texas regarding who goes first at an all-way stop. The only applicable law states that drivers must stop and then may enter the intersection only when it is safe to do so (§545.153, which is quoted in the previous section above, and §545.151, which basically states the same). So that leaves the right-of-way assignment up to the drivers.

To that end, there is a widely-accepted convention that most drivers use to remove the guesswork. Basically, it's "first come, first served." Implementing it is easy: when you stop at an all-way stop, look around and see who's already stopped. When they've all gone, it's your turn! If two or more people get there at the same time at a right angle to each other, then the protocol is that the person on the right should go first. If two vehicles on opposite sides of the intersection arrive at the same time, here are the rules:

• If both are going straight, they both can go at the same time.
• If one is turning right and one is going straight, they both can go at the same time.
• If one is turning left and one is going straight, the person going straight goes first.
• If one is turning right and one is turning left, the person turning right goes first.

Be aware, however, that other states do have this codified in their traffic laws, and some cities in Texas do as well.

All-way stop preemption scenario

This is one scenario where a vehicle can go out-of-turn at an four-way stop. The numbers indicate the order of arrival. In this case, the driver of the green car (#4) could go at the same time as vehicle #1, despite vehicles #2 and #3 arriving first and also wanting to continue onto the same street. This is because vehicle #1's path will briefly block the other vehicles from proceeding, providing sufficient time for #4 to turn before they would conflict with the others.

This one is straightforward — never, ever back up on the freeway, even on the shoulder! Besides being illegal, this is extremely dangerous! Traffic is coming toward you at high speed, and if you're backing up, you're essentially going the wrong way and risk the equivalent of a head-on collision.

If you miss your exit, just drive to the next exit, turn around, and go back. In most cases, you'll only lose a couple of minutes. Next time, make sure you know where you're going and pay attention to the signs.

Have you ever been caught in a traffic jam only to find that it was caused by a minor fender-bender blocking a lane and everyone is standing around waiting for the police? Maybe you've thought to yourself, "there oughta be a law..."

Well, there is.

Texas law requires that anyone involved in an crash not obstruct traffic any more than is necessary. The law even specifically requires that, if an collision occurs on a freeway or freeway ramp in a metropolitan area and all involved vehicles can be safely driven, the motorists involved must move their vehicles off of the freeway immediately. This is to help prevent a traffic hazard and resulting congestion which, besides unnecessarily delaying others, also increases the likelihood of other accidents.

Many people think that their insurance won't cover them if they move their cars from the scene before the police arrive, but this is absolutely false. The police and insurance adjusters can usually determine what happened based on the stories of those involved and the damage to the vehicles. Besides, in the case of most fender-benders, you legally don't even need to have the police come to the scene. But if you want to be sure, then quickly snap some photos of the scene and vehicles before you move them out of the way.

A common question I get, especially for newcomers to Texas, is whether it is legal to drive on the shoulder of a two-lane highway to allow other cars to pass as they may have seen other people doing. The answer is yes, it is, as declared in (a)(5) above. You'll find that many long-time Texans will automatically move onto the shoulder when a faster car comes up behind them on a two-lane road. It's just a common courtesy that helps the other person to pass them safely and stress-free. However, there are some requirements to do this — the shoulder must be wide enough and free of debris or stalled or parked vehicles.

If you do move onto the shoulder to allow someone to pass, reduce your speed a bit, keep a sharp eye out for any obstructions ahead, and move back into the main through lane as soon as it is safe to do so.

You are also allowed to briefly drive on the shoulder to pass a vehicle that is slowing or has stopped in the main lane to turn left or has stalled. Additionally, you can also drive on the shoulder to slow down to turn right, to speed up after turning onto the highway or after having stopped on the shoulder, or to avoid a collision (duh).

You are NOT allowed to drive on the shoulder to overtake another moving vehicle (except as provided above). In other words, if the vehicle you are following will not move onto the shoulder to allow you to pass, then you must pass them on the left when it's legal and safe to do so.

The other stipulation is that the maneuver be done "safely." Again, the law does not define this specifically, so it's open to interpretation. Typically, if there is no collision, then that could be considered prima facie evidence that it was done safely. A more affirmative defense would be that the driver ensured the shoulder was clear of obstructions and that they drove slowly. (My recommendation would be 20 mph — if that's considered safe for a school zone, it's certainly safe enough for passing stopped vehicles.)

Many officers I've spoken with tell me that because of the uncertainty of this law, they usually won't cite for this, or they will only cite someone who does this egregiously — for example, someone who is racing down the shoulder (which seems to violate the "be done safely" stipulation as discussed above), someone who gets on the shoulder well before the back of the line (because you're not actually passing any stopped vehicles at that point), or someone who continues on the shoulder through an intersection. (Those all seem like good reasons to me to get a ticket.) But some officers and departments will always cite for this and leave it to a judge to decide.

In short, while statutory and case law seems to allow this, it still seems to be a bit of a gray area in some jurisdictions, so YMMV and you should do this at your own risk.

If you want to make a U‑turn at a traffic light, you cannot do so unless you have a green signal or flashing yellow arrow (note that the 500 foot rule above still technically applies). Whenever you make a U‑turn, you must, of course, yield to oncoming traffic just as if you were making a left turn. If you make a U‑turn with a green signal, anyone wanting to make a right-on-red from your left is usually required to yield to you, but keep in mind that they may not realize you're making a U‑turn until they've started making their turn, so be prepared to yield to them. In some cases, you are required to yield to those right turners; those cases are marked with a sign like the one shown to the right.

Unless traffic on the freeway is completely stopped, or you can't merge and there is no place else for you to go, do not ever stop on a freeway entrance ramp! This is an extremely serious traffic hazard. Drivers behind you are speeding-up to get up to freeway speed and are looking back up the freeway for a gap to merge into. They are not expecting you to stop! If you can't squeeze into traffic by the time you get to the end of the ramp, make sure your left turn signal is on and carefully continue on the shoulder (if it's clear) until you can safely merge into the traffic stream.

Before I explain this one, let me ask you this: where is the fastest water in a river? In the middle, of course. Why? Because that is the place with the least friction. That is the deepest part of the river, and there are no ragged edges or shallow bottom to slow the water. A highway conceptually works the same way (think of it as a two-way river). The right lane has the most "friction": entering and exiting traffic, stalled vehicles on the shoulder, etc. The left lane has virtually no friction. That is why it is reserved for faster-moving traffic.

Imagine this scenario: you're in the left lane on a two-lane freeway going faster than other traffic and you come up behind someone going a little slower than you. Instead of waiting a few seconds for them to move over, you whip around them on the right. At the same time, someone going much slower than you is trying to get on the freeway at the same location. Now, both of you are creating a big hazard for each other and someone is going to have to make a quick last minute adjustment to avoid a collision. This is why (a) you shouldn't pass on the right; and (b) you should move to the right if you're traveling slower than other vehicles.

The second part of that last sentence applies no matter how fast you are going. Notice that the law only says that traffic moving "more slowly" than other vehicles; there is no exception given for vehicles traveling the posted speed limit. I know that logically and legally, if you're going the speed limit in the left lane, nobody should need to pass you. But if someone behind you wants to go faster, just move over. You're actually violating the law by not moving over because you're now the root cause of a traffic hazard. Plus, you never know — that person may have a bona fide emergency, or maybe just needs to get to a restroom in a hurry! So be kind, move over, and let 'em get on their way.

On the other hand, if you're the one behind the slower driver, have a little patience and give them a few seconds to realize you're there and to move over before you zip around them. I can't count the number of times I've seen someone in the left lane who wanted to move over but got trapped there because everyone immediately passed them on the right. Plus, the weaving of drivers who are constantly passing other vehicles causes hazards, and the turbulence caused by those frequent lane changes can be the impetus of "phantom" congestion.

Signs to remind drivers of the passing lane law

But the law is still applies even if these signs aren't present.

This is probably one of the least-known laws. When someone from the left lane and someone from the right lane both try to move into the same space in the center lane at the same time, who should yield the the right-of-way?

In Texas and most other states, the law is that the person changing lanes from right to left must yield to someone trying to enter the same lane from the left. The reason why the left lane driver has priority is because the they may be moving over to allow another vehicle to pass, because they're getting ready to exit, or because they have an emergency and need to move to the shoulder.

If you need to get across several lanes, move over one lane, establish yourself in that lane for a few seconds, then move over to the next lane. And don't forget your turn signal each time as required by §545.104!

Speed advisory signs indicate the recommended speed for a particular hazard; they are not a legal speed limit. Enforceable speed limits are marked by a black and white SPEED LIMIT sign. Despite that, it is a good idea to travel at or near the speed indicated on these signs — you could still be cited for unsafe speed if you're traveling appreciably faster than what is posted, especially if you crash.

So, to answer the earlier question, the speed limit for this curve would be whatever the last black and white speed limit sign indicated (or the default speed limit for that type of roadway in the absence of a speed limit sign).

Across most of the state, especially in rural areas, it is the convention for drivers, out of respect for the deceased, to pull-over and stop while a funeral passes by. I suspect that as a result, many folks think that it is indeed the law to do so. But actually, it is not.

Also, while many states have laws that require drivers to yield to a funeral procession, Texas has no such law. However, funeral processions are usually escorted by peace officers, and obviously if they indicate for you to yield, then you must do so. Otherwise, if you're driving down the road and a funeral procession approaches, you are not obligated by the law to pull over, although you should reduce speed and be prepared to stop if necessary. If you do wish to pull over, be sure to pull completely off the road so if others want to continue on, they can do so safely.